drying is vital for fly management in Egypt

 

removed. Most blow flies square measure similar in size or

slightly larger than the house fly, and plenty of square measure

metallic blue or inexperienced. Most species of this fly square measure

scavengers that breed and repro leader in decaying

animal and bird carcasses, excre ment, broken eggs

and wet garbage. These flies will be control at low levels

if sensible sanitation is in situ (dead birds square measure removed

from the power and burned or otherwise disposed

of properly).

Biology and management of Flies in egypt

Soldier flies (Figure 6a), little dung flies (6b),

fruit flies (6c) and rattailed maggots (6d) square measure some

of the opposite flies that may be found in poultry production facilities.

a b

c d

Figure 6. (a) Soldier fly, (b) little dung fly, (c) common

fruit fly and (d) rattailed grub

Fly management

Flies will be controlled in poultry facilities

through the combination of nonchemical and chemical

control ways. the employment of pesticides alone seldom

Professional pest-control technicians have access to effective pesticides

results in satisfactory fly management. Associate in Nursing integrated tormentor

management program involving population observation, cultural management, mechanical management, biological

control and chemical management is usually recommended.

Population observation is vital once

making fly management selections. Documentation will be

very useful if the poultry facility becomes concerned

in legal proceedings because of flies dispersing from the poultry

facility to areas of human habitation. management selections supported visual observations ought to be avoided.

This is a really unreliable technique for estimating the

size of fly populations.

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One extremely effective technique of sampling is that the

moving tape count. build this count daily. Use the

same walk pattern at the identical time of day (down

and back in every house) carrying the sticky fly tape.

A fly caught of twenty-five to seventy-five flies per one,000 feet walked could

indicate management is critical.

An excellent and cheap observation technique

involves the employment of hanging sticky fly ribbons. The

fly ribbons ought to be counted and replaced weekly.

A sticky ribbon ought to be placed at every finish of the

facility and placed on opposite sides. A weekly average count of three hundred flies from the 2 ribbons indicates

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that the house fly population has reached a level

where the adults are dispersing far away from the

facility, indicating a desire to initiate fly management

procedures. Black garbage flies will be discovered

on the sticky ribbons. Treatment ought to be initiated

when fly numbers reach a median of one hundred fifty flies per

ribbon. This technique permits for simple identification and

seasonal incidence of the species gift. However,

ribbon location is vital. Place the highest of the ribbon just about vi feet on top of the ground and three feet

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out from the power wall on each side of the power.

Fly spot counts square measure another observation tool. A

3 x 5-inch white card is mounted flush against feed

troughs, ceilings, braces or different fly resting areas at

each finish and center of the power and left for one

week. once a median of one hundred dark-colored fly spots

are found on the cards in one week, management

procedures ought to be initiated. The cards offer Associate in Nursing

index of fly activity over an amount of your time at intervals a

given house. a minimum of 3 cards ought to be placed per

house. Count fly spots on one aspect. amendment cards

weekly counting on populations gift. Cards

should be placed on a flat surface regarding thirty six inches

above the ground within the same position at every replacement. Fly species can't be determined from the

spots, however, the cards square measure a really cheap technique to

use for management selections and documentation.

Baited jug traps square measure costlier than different

sampling ways. they provide bigger sensitivity to

fly population changes. The device consists of a plastic milk jug with four 2-inch diameter access holes

around the higher a part of the jug. A wire is employed to

hang the lure regarding three feet on top of the ground around the

pit outer boundary in an exceedingly caged layer operation. The jug is

baited with a billboard fly secretion. The

presence of flies within the jug could indicate the necessity

for management.

In poultry operations wherever manure accumulates

in pits, larval sampling ought to be applied to spot hot spots that contain high numbers of fly eggs

and maggots. Spot treatment of those hot spots with

insecticide could also be helpful to halt excessive fly

larval breeding. However, total coverage of manure

pits with insect powder ought to be avoided in order that fly

control advantages received from predacious insects square measure

not reduced.

Cultural management – consisting of manure management, water management and sanitation – is that the

most effective thanks to management flies. recent poultry

manure contains seventy five to eighty p.c wetness, which

makes it ideal for fly breeding. Fly breeding will be

practically eliminated during this material by reducing

the wetness content to thirty p.c or less or by

adding wetness to liquefy it. Drying manure is

preferred as a result of the merchandise occupies less house

and usually has less odor.

Depending on the sort of poultry facility, dry

manure management is extremely effective in reducing

fly populations. wherever applicable, frequent removal

of manure (at least once a week) prevents fly buildup

by breaking the breeding life cycle. it's vital to

scatter the manure gently outdoors to kill eggs and

larvae by drying. Avoid piles or clumps of manure.

Enough land should be accessible that the manure will be

spread thinly. This keeps excessive amounts of nutrients from build up within the soil. Manure ought to be

spread supported by a soil Associate in Nursingalysis at an agronomic rate

for your space. If in-house storage of manure is out there, the manure needs drying to a thirty p.c

moisture level and maintenance at this level. Dry

manure will be control for many years. Any observation

that limits wetness within the feces or aids in fast-drying is vital for fly management.

Water management with reference to the wetness

content of manure is vital for effective fly

control. this will be accomplished through a range

of means. Regulate water flow to poultry watering

sources and prevent/repair leaks. Adequate cross-ventilation ought to be provided within the facility. Ensure

proper floor grade in order that excess surface water drains

away from the power. Drain and fill low areas

around the facility. Clean water for the birds ought to

be maintained to forestall infectious disease. Exces sively high

house temperatures that encourage high water

consumption ought to be prevented.

Sanitation round the poultry operation is extremely

important for maintaining fly management. Quickly

remove and lose dead birds and broken eggs.

Disposal ought to occur off from the poultry

premises by burning in Associate in Nursing furnace or different

approved management technique. close up and dispose

of feed and manure spills, particularly if wet, straightaway. Clean out weed-choked water evacuation ditches.

Install correct overhang, troughs and down spouts on

poultry homes to hold fresh water off from buildings.

Provide correct evacuation in poultry yards. Minimize

the migration of flies from different fly-infested animal

operations getting ready to the poultry house.

Mechanical management will be accomplished through

the use of assorted sorts and designs of fly traps. Electrical traps using a black lightweight with Associate in Nursing electrically charged grid to kill the insects square measure the foremost

common. Some traps square measure baited with a fly attractant

material. Traps could also be useful in tight, enclosed

areas, like egg rooms, if a breeding fly population

is present. However, sensible sanitation practices should

be followed. wherever fly populations square measure significant, traps

are not effective in reducing fly numbers to satisfactory levels. Use traps within the middle of the night away

from doors and windows. choose a lure by the population of flies remaining within the space and not by the

number of flies caught within the lure. Fly traps used

alone aren't effective in dominant flies, especially

in and around poultry operations. an exponent will be used

to inhibit fly entry through doorways. an exponent is employed to

blow air through a screened threshold connecting the

egg space or different work areas to the most poultry

house. Fly entry is prohibited as a result of flies won't

move against the wind. Commercial, electric-powered

air curtain fans square measure offered. However, sure state

health departments could need solid doors to separate the most poultry house from the egg space or

other main work areas. Use sticky fly strips wherever

appropriate.

Biological management ought to be a part of Associate in Nursing overall

fly management program in poultry operations. Through

appropriate cultural practices, poultry manure accumulations will support giant populations of helpful

predators and parasites that facilitate suppress house fly

populations. The macrochelid mite, Macrochelis

muscaedomesticae, is Venetian red and fewer than

1/16 in. long. It feeds on house fly eggs and initial

instar larvae. These mites will be found on the skin layer of manure and consume up to twenty house fly

eggs per day. Another mite is that the uropodid mite,

Fuscuropoda vegetans, that feeds solely on initial

instar house fly larvae deeper within the manure. A hister

beetle, Carcinops pumilio, is black and regarding 1/8 in.

long and feeds on house fly eggs and initial arthropod

larvae. This effective beetle predator, common in each

broiler and layer homes, will consume thirteen to twenty four house

fly eggs per day. each adult and immature hister

beetles sleep in the surface layers of manure. Another

hister beetle, Gnathoncus dwarf, is gift at lower

numbers on poultry farms.

In addition to the above-named predators,

very little parasitic wasps square measure the present

enemies of manure-breeding flies. These minute

parasites destroy flies within the immature stage. The parasitic wasp, Spalangia nigroaenea, is regarding the dimensions of

a house fly’s head (1/16 to 1/8 inch). This parasite is

attracted to the manure surroundings Associate in Nursingd deposits an

egg into the fly puparium (the arduous case containing

the pupa). The developing wasp brute consumes the

pupa. rather than Associate in Nursing adult fly rising from the

puparium, Associate in Nursing adult parasitic wasp emerges. Some

wasp species deposit over one egg into a insect.

These fly parasites square measure specific to flies and attack

nothing else. they are doing not bite or sting humans and

usually go ignored by those living close to poultry

operations. These wasp parasites self-propagate